Eutrophication or enrichment is an important issue in all aquatic ecosystems of the world and wetlands are one of the most sensitive habitats to this problem and assessing the trophic status of a wetland is the first step in the evaluation of its quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the water quality characteristics and trophy status of Aynak wetland in Rasht using the Carlson trophy index. The area of this water zone is 36. 5 hectares and its water supply resources are rainfall, urban wastewater and Sefidrud river. This wetland is located in the west of Rasht city and consists of four different parts. To determine the physicochemical factors of water in each section, a station was selected and sampling was performed from autumn 1396 to summer 1397 seasonally for one year and the annual average of the factors showed 18. 3 ° C water temperature, 7. 21 pH, 2. 75 mg/L water soluble oxygen, 10. 9 mg/L BOD5, 24. 42 mg/L COD, 733. 25 mg/L TDS25, 21. 5 mg/L total nitrogen, 0. 062 mg/L chlorophyll-a, 0. 95 mg/L total phosphates and the depth of Secchi Disk visibility was 0. 35 meters. The average annual Carlson trophy index of this wetland was determined based on the visual depth of Secchi disk 76. 78, total phosphates 99. 80 and chlorophyll-a 69. 74. According to the TSI index, Aynak wetland is in the area of severe eutrophication and from a managerial point of view, it needs to take fundamental action to improve the trophy conditions.

wetlands are among the most valuable ecosystems because they provide many ecosystem services and also they are the most sensitive ecosystems in the world. Therefore, preservation and maintenance of these ecosystems and their life conditions is necessary. Iran has 24 wetland complexes, from which, Ulmagol wetland was selected for sustainable management planning, because of its special conditions and important bird site. This study has been done between 2012-14. For determination of inner and outer factors, three methods were used: field actions, interview with 15 managers and experts that were aware of wetland management process, and questionnaire application. Due to the adaptation of strategic analysis (SWOT) with ecological conditions in study area and the high accuracy in providing useful management strategies based on environmental factors, this model was used in this study. The results showed that the aggregate intrinsic factors were equal to 0/11 and aggregate external factors were 0/17, these conditions were sufficient to put Ulmagol wetland in SO state. These three strategies were identified as: Rehabilitation and restoration of wetland structure (SO1), Development of wetland Ecotourism (SO2), and Community empowerment for participatory management of wetland (SO3). To prevent managers and decision-makers confusion, The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was used for the highest priority with Community empowerment for participatory management of wetlands. The results of this analysis showed that the greatest impacts occurred at 5 percent level in SO3 strategy. The results also depicted that this strategy can be considered as the best priority in the future for sustainable use, which gains the highest score in QSPM method that means it has a high suitably.

Surface water and groundwater interactions can occur between surface water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, and wetlands) and groundwater resources. Quantifying water exchange between a wetland and an underlying aquifer is an important task for studies in such fields as water budgets and environmental water requirements. In this study, the groundwater component from controlling factors on wetland water level is considered to determine the water requirements of Kaniborazan wetland, located at the southern part of Urmia Lake. The results of the present study indicate that during the assessment period of 1998-2015, Kaniborazan wetland has been always recharged from underlying groundwater resources considering the hydraulic gradient threshold of this wetland. These recharge values have been maximum for 1998, 2002, and 2015 with the annual value of 4. 11, 5. 09, and 3. 78 MCM, respectively. The mean annual value of this wetland depth has been estimated to be less than 16 cm. The impacts of drainage system, channels, and traditional streams have been investigated on this wetland during the assessment period. The obtained results show that these sources have a significant effect on the water supply of the wetland. Based on the available data and information, for example for 2006 and 2015, not taking the impacts of drainage system, channels, and traditional streams on this wetland into account will lead to the wetland water volume reduction of about 15% and 30%, respectively.

Background and Objective: lack of enough attention to the public participation is the most reason for the deficiency of wetland ecosystem management. Managing wetlands based on ecological approach defined as “, taking all the key elements and indicators in long-term management of an ecosystem and also as an integrated management strategy, promotes the conservation and sustainable use of resources with the participation of all stakeholders and the active participation of people, local communities in particular”, . The purpose of this study is to present a management framework in the Anzali International wetland with an ecological approach, applied for the first time. Material and Methodology: This study is a descriptive-analytical study based on available data. The World Conservation Union has incorporated 12 principles into five categories in this study developed for Anzali wetland as the study area. Gephi software was used for stakeholders’,network analysis too. Findings: The results showed the developed framework in this study is comprised of seven main sections: Pre-planning, Scoping, Analysis, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation. Each of thes mentioned sections has related elements. In stakeholders’, network analysis individuals are represented as nodes and connections as edges of the graph that shows the linkage between stakeholders. Discussion and Conclusion: The main stakeholders should have participated in the ecological management of the wetland including: Governmental Organizations, Non-governmental Organizations, Local Communities, Judiciary, and Legislature. In this study, the initial stages of the developed framework were implemented including pre-planning, scoping, and some parts of the analysis. Afterwards, the identified stakeholders, at consideration of verified and modified information obtained from the previous three steps, formulate a joint implementation, monitoring and evaluation plan in the participatory workshops. It is also recommended to apply the developed framework in other wetlands and common natural resources, especially protected areas, in accordance with the legal duties of the Department of Environment (DoE).

wetlands are among the most important ecosystems on earth, protection of which enables the reasonable and sustainable use of them. Environmental protection is a common ground between municipal and international laws, and the Stockholm Declaration of 1972 is one of the first documents explicitly emphasizing the point. Environmental protection by which the present and future generations should have an improving social life is considered a public duty. Therefore, economic and other activities concomitant of environmental pollution and irreparable damage to environment are forbidden. Shadegan International wetlands are a series of ponds registered in the Ramsar Convention, which are under a serious threat due to the surrounding development activities. This research attempts to figure out the international rules concerning the protection of Shadegan International wetlands. This was a descriptive-analytical study with the aim of investigating the international rules on protection of wetlands, particularly the Shadegan International wetlands, in the Ramsar Convention. The results indicated that according to the Ramsar Convention as the oldest international treaty, wetlands are protected based on the principles of international cooperation focusing on one of the rules of the International Environmental Law, i. e. the principle of environmental protection. Shadegan International wetlands are conserved in accordance with the Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and non-governmental organizations. Highlights Introduction The right to the environment is the most widely developed and discussed topic under the umbrella of "solidarity rights". A definition of the right to the environment presented in international sources is that "Each and every human gregariously has the right to enjoy a balanced and healthy environment from an environmental point of view and favorable for economic, social, cultural and legal development. " In this regard, wetlands are the most vital ecosystems on earth. When it comes to the protection of these ecosystems, souces on wetland rights are the stepping stone for developing regulations. The substantial supporters of wetland rights include reason, justice, and social human interests, which together make up the three principal components of water, wetland, and environmental laws. Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran introduces the most fundamental piece of law concerning the protection of the environment and wetlands. Almost all modern constitutions worldwide entrust the government with the public duty of citizen environment protection, generally stressing the right to a healthy environment. On the same thread, the international community was led to draft and adopt the Ramsar Convention, which establishes guidelines for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. This is an international treaty that requires all member states, including Iran, to exploit wetlands prudently. Shadegan International wetland is a major waterbody in Iran and is specified in the Ramsar Convention. A serious threat is, unfortunately, posed against this wetland by nearby development operations and challenges. Some of these include over-exploitation of wetland's water resources, municipal waste disposal, division of wetland by roads, gas and power substations, oil pipelines, chipboard and alcohol production industries, and sugarcane farm and mill, whose effluents are fed to the wetland, resulting in immeasurable damages. All such operations have been executed without prior environmental studies, and the same bad practice is now pursued in Shadegan's steel complex and pier construction projects. Methodology This was a descriptive-analytical study. Descriptive studies generally investigate and interpret the existing conditions to gain new insights into relations and mechanisms. Here, the researcher attempts to report "what is" without intervention and subjective inference to make objective conclusions about the case under study. In descriptive-analytical methods, in addition to the description and interpretation of the problem, the data is analyzed by the researcher. Findings The problems facing the Shadegan wetland are primarily driven by an absence of information about its economic value to inform the environmental economic assessment of projects implemented around it. On the other hand, this has also hindered the development of the region. Biological and non-biological factors have a continuous relationship within the wetland's ecosystem and so any change can affect its entire natural system. Therefore, it is imperative to have specific laws commensurate to the importance of the Shadegan wetland and strictly adhere to the principles of evaluation and prevention as well as Article 50 of the Constitution when it comes to the development of new industries in the region. Any damage to the wetland's environment must be prevented and violators must face legal action based on Iranian and international laws. Such measures along with proper management and regulations, especially considering that the Shadegan wetland is included in the Montreux list, can help to both save the wetland from destruction and protect its international title. Still, it must be admitted that an institution or organization cannot single-handedly undertake the protection of wetlands and everyone is responsible for this, which requires a serious national determination as well as coordination among all related national, local, and public bodies. In the first step, this calls for determining and supplying the wetlands' water right (i. e., ecological water demand), controlling/eliminating agricultural, industrial, and mineral pollutants, and expanding agricultural activities based on sustainability principles and a culture of environmental protection. In addition, laws and regulations must be envisioned to help protect the wetland's natural and indigenous flora and fauna with adequate sanctions to effectively prevent any civil, recreational, economic, and hunting activities around the wetlands. Finally, it is worth noting that although the existing regulations do hold violators of the wetland's ecosystem accountable in civil, criminal, and administrative ways, there must be a proportion between the damages and the legal sanctions to earnestly prevent the destruction of wetlands. Results The objectives of environmental protection, in general, and wetland conservation, in particular, can only be achieved through international cooperation. Iran, as a signatory of the Ramsar Convention, is obliged to fulfill its commitments and takes steps toward the realization of the convention's ultimate goal, i. e., sustainable development. The government of Iran must pave the way for the rehabilitation of wetlands, particularly the Shadegan International wetland, by fostering ties with developed countries, asking for technical assistance, and expanding regional cooperation. International financial and monetary institutions such as the World Bank Group, Asian Development Bank, and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) can provide financial support and help Iran eliminate the threats facing 150 wetlands. The main direct financial source for this purpose is the wetland Conservation Fund (i. e., the Ramsar Small Grants Fund), which was established in 1990 at a conference by the convention's signatories to assist developing countries. A glance at the history of past environmental crises shows that the most effective tool for resolving the challenges facing humans is education. One main underlying reason for the continuation of environmental degradation and pollution is the low public and official awareness of environmental issues, including insufficient information on the ecological performance, economic value, and importance of wetlands. An internal sense of moral responsibility to protect the environment can prepare the public to participate in environmental programs. Therefore, a long-term procedure for wetland protection is the promotion of culture alongside raising public awareness about the importance of wetlands, especially Shadegan International wetland.

The wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems on Earth that human activities, including urban development and agriculture, road construction, often cause indirect damage and cause significant loss of lagoons and coastal areas. Therefore, we need a sophisticated tool and method to access and understand the conditions of the wetland. Strategic planning is a systematic approach that supports and validates the strategic management process. Strategic planning consists of four basic elements including environmental review, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and control and evaluation. Strategic planning models are countless, but almost all of them are inspired by the SWOT analytical model. Ghareh Gheshlagh wetland the most important and largest satellite wetlands of Lake Urmia Basin and One of the important bird areas, IBA, is in the world. Unfortunately, in recent years due to destructive human activities are faced with many risks. This applied scientific research, with the aim of providing Strategic Plan for development Environmental Protection of Ghareh Gheshlagh wetland. Considering the conditions and internal and external factors prevailing in the region and using SWOT analysis was conducted...

wetland ecotourism is one of the main branches of the tourism industry that can play an important role in revitalizing villages, creating jobs and increasing income for villagers, protecting natural, historical and cultural heritage. Accordingly, the present study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 to identify the components affecting the local communities’,participation to develop the ecotourism in International Kani Barazan wetland of Mahabad. The statistical population was the local communities of the villages around Kani Barazan wetland in Mahabad. They were 130 people that 97 of them were selected randomly with probability proportionate using the table of Krejcie and Morgan. The required data were collected via questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine its reliability. The Cronbach's alpha value for each section of the questionnaire was higher than 7. 7. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed in both descriptive and inferential sections. In the descriptive section, the demographic characteristics of the studied individuals such as age, gender, education, etc. were studied. In the analytical section, mean comparison methods, t-test and multiple regression analysis were used. Based on the obtained results there was a significant difference (0. 1) between men and women in terms of participation in tourism activities. Also, Findings from multiple regression analysis showed that variables such as local norms and culture, access to capital and efficient management, the most important components affecting the participation of local communities in the tourism industry development in international Kani Barazan wetland. Therefore, in formulating comprehensive plans for wetland management, such as the comprehensive tourism plan, these components should always have a special priority.

Miankaleh international wetland and peninsula are one of the main UNESCO biosphere reserve in Iran and Middle East. Phytoplankton diversity of the Miankaleh wetland was investigated from October 2009 to September 2010. Apart from the work done by Ramezannejad Ghadi, this study is the second floristic study of algae in the Miankaleh wetland in north of Iran. Five main algal groups were recorded namely: Bacillariophyta, Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta and Xantophyta. A total of 94 species and varieties belonging to 47 genera were identified. Among them green algae formed the most abundant group making up 43 species and varieties from 18 genera. This was followed by Diatoms, with 31 species from 15 genera, Cyanobacteria, with 18 species from 12 genera. Euglenophyta and Xantophyta with 1 species make up an insignificant part of taxa. All of these taxa are new records for Miankaleh wetland and Mazandaran province.

The Kanibarazan wetland located in West Azarbaijan province is one of the wetlands of the Ramsar International Convention with 907 hectares. This Hunt-Banned region has semidry to mid semidry climate. The plants in the studied area were regularly collected every month during growing seasons 2013 from two habitats aquatic and nearby wetland habitats. Then plants were deposited in the herbarium of Kharazmi university (FAR), Tehran. A total of 118 different plant species collected in this study belong to 42 families (2 bryophyte, 33 dicotyledone, 1 ceratophyllaceae, 6 monocotyledon) and 99 genera. Among these families represented in the area, 17 families (11 dicotyledone, 1 ceratophyllaceae, 5 monocotyledon) including 32 genera and 35 species are belonged to aquatic wetland habitat and 25 families (2 bryophyte, 22 dicotyledone, 1 monocotyledon) including 67 genera and 83 species are belonged to nearby wetland habitat. Classification based on life form indicates that the therophytes with 62% abundance in nearby wetland habitat and 35% in aquatic habitat comprise the largest proportion of the plants in the studied area. The most extended chorotype is related to Iran-Turanian region (50% in nearby wetland habitat and 38% in aquatic habitat).

Biological response and ecological indices of benthic communities, such as greater mortality of foraminifera and shell abnormalities, have been used to document pollution effects on ecosystems. Shadegan wetland was damaged from a deposition of huge amounts of soot and products of burning oilwells of Kuwait as well as chronic exhaust fumes of refinery and industrial furnaces. In this investigation, community structure and changes in indices of the macro- and meio-fauna of the Shadegan wetland were studied in 2004. Recorded salinity ranged from 4.1 to 63.1 ppt. Salinity varied significantly among sampling stations. pH of the water fluctuated between 6.8 to 8.7. Dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water at the sampling stations ranged from 5.3 to 7.8 mg/l. The maximum and minimum (19.6 and 7 NTU) water turbidities were recorded at the sampling stations 7 and 10, respectively. The maximum and minimum TOM (23.17% and 8.45%) were recorded at stations 3 and 9, respectively. The results of sediment texture analysis showed that soil type in the study area was mostly silty–clay. The highest and the lowest rate of sediment with silty–clay texture were 89.76% and 49.28%, respectively. 18 species of macro benthos were identified. Gastropods comprised more than 50% of the individuals of macro benthos populations. Aquatic insects (22%), Crustaceans (11%), Polychaetes and Acaris (each with 5.5%) were the other dominant groups in abundance, respectively. The results showed the highest (984/m2) and the lowest (26/m2) abundance of macro benthos were recorded at the stations 10 (Rogbeh) and 8 (Doragh creek), respectively. The results showed that meiobenthos displayed a higher biodiversity than macro benthos. Ostracodes, Nematods and Foraminifera were the most dominant groups. Many Foraminifera showed morphological shell abnormality. Biodiversity indices (H' and l) for macro benthos and meiobenthos were expectedly different. Meiobenthos, primarily, Ostracodes, Nematods and Foraminifera displayed higher biodiversity than macro benthos. ANOVA results showed significant variation (P<0.05) between sampling stations.